The Role of Secondary Education in Enhancing the Information Security Culture among Students in Saudi Arabia

The culture of information security is one of the important issues that have received the attention of all educational institutions, to educate students and inform them of the risks and threats they are exposed to while using the Internet. Thus, the study tries to identify the secondary education role reality in enhancing information security culture among students in Saudi Arabia, its obstacles, and the requirements to be activated. The study applied a questionnaire to a stratified random sample of (267) male and female teachers in secondary schools. The study concluded that the role of secondary education in enhancing information security culture among students is weak. In addition, there are significant obstacles that limit its role in enhancing information security culture among students. Hence, the necessary requirements must be provided to activate its role in enhancing information security culture among students. There are also statistically significant differences between males and females regarding the secondary education role reality in enhancing the information security culture and its obstacles in favor of females at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05), in favor of males at the significance level (α ≤ 0.01) in the requirements for enhancing the information security culture

Suggested alternatives for Self-Financing of public Universities in Saudi Arabia in light of international universities Experiences

The study aimed to identify the proposed alternatives to self-financing for Imam Abdul Rahman bin Faisal University under the new university regulations, using the descriptive survey method, applying a questionnaire to a stratified random sample of 197 members (39 academic leaders, 158 faculty members) in King Saud University, King Faisal University and Imam Abdul Rahman bin Faisal University, and it found that the study sample is compatible with the proposed alternatives to self-financing at the university M=4.13, also, found a strong compatibility with the requirements for activating self-financing at the university M=4.38, and found statistically significant differences between administrative leaders and faculty members at the level of significance (α ≤0.01) in the proposed alternatives to self-financing for the benefit of faculty members, while there are no differences between them in the requirements for activating self-financing, and statistically significant differences were found between theoretical and practical faculties at the level of significance (α ≤0.001) in the proposed alternatives to self-financing and the requirements to activate them for the theoretical faculties side.&nbsp

Outcomes after perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with proximal femoral fractures: an international cohort study

Objectives Studies have demonstrated high rates of mortality in people with proximal femoral fracture and SARS-CoV-2, but there is limited published data on the factors that influence mortality for clinicians to make informed treatment decisions. This study aims to report the 30-day mortality associated with perioperative infection of patients undergoing surgery for proximal femoral fractures and to examine the factors that influence mortality in a multivariate analysis. Setting Prospective, international, multicentre, observational cohort study. Participants Patients undergoing any operation for a proximal femoral fracture from 1 February to 30 April 2020 and with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection (either 7 days prior or 30-day postoperative). Primary outcome 30-day mortality. Multivariate modelling was performed to identify factors associated with 30-day mortality. Results This study reports included 1063 patients from 174 hospitals in 19 countries. Overall 30-day mortality was 29.4% (313/1063). In an adjusted model, 30-day mortality was associated with male gender (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.68 to 3.13, p80 years (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.31, p=0.013), preoperative diagnosis of dementia (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.16, p=0.005), kidney disease (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.55, p=0.005) and congestive heart failure (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.48, p=0.025). Mortality at 30 days was lower in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.6 (0.42 to 0.85), p=0.004). There was no difference in mortality in patients with an increase to delay in surgery (p=0.220) or type of anaesthetic given (p=0.787). Conclusions Patients undergoing surgery for a proximal femoral fracture with a perioperative infection of SARS-CoV-2 have a high rate of mortality. This study would support the need for providing these patients with individualised medical and anaesthetic care, including medical optimisation before theatre. Careful preoperative counselling is needed for those with a proximal femoral fracture and SARS-CoV-2, especially those in the highest risk groups. Trial registration number NCT0432364

Preoperative nasopharyngeal swab testing and postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing elective surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Surgical services are preparing to scale up in areas affected by COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate the association between preoperative SARS-CoV-2 testing and postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing elective cancer surgery. METHODS: This international cohort study included adult patients undergoing elective surgery for cancer in areas affected by SARS-CoV-2 up to 19 April 2020. Patients suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infection before operation were excluded. The primary outcome measure was postoperative pulmonary complications at 30 days after surgery. Preoperative testing strategies were adjusted for confounding using mixed-effects models. RESULTS: Of 8784 patients (432 hospitals, 53 countries), 2303 patients (26.2 per cent) underwent preoperative testing: 1458 (16.6 per cent) had a swab test, 521 (5.9 per cent) CT only, and 324 (3.7 per cent) swab and CT. Pulmonary complications occurred in 3.9 per cent, whereas SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed in 2.6 per cent. After risk adjustment, having at least one negative preoperative nasopharyngeal swab test (adjusted odds ratio 0.68, 95 per cent confidence interval 0.68 to 0.98; P = 0.040) was associated with a lower rate of pulmonary complications. Swab testing was beneficial before major surgery and in areas with a high 14-day SARS-CoV-2 case notification rate, but not before minor surgery or in low-risk areas. To prevent one pulmonary complication, the number needed to swab test before major or minor surgery was 18 and 48 respectively in high-risk areas, and 73 and 387 in low-risk areas. CONCLUSION: Preoperative nasopharyngeal swab testing was beneficial before major surgery and in high SARS-CoV-2 risk areas. There was no proven benefit of swab testing before minor surgery in low-risk areas